Helpful information and terms

What is immunotherapy?

Researchers have found that some cancer cells can go undetected by your immune system. This can allow the cancer to grow and spread. Cancer immunotherapy can help to reactivate the immune system so that it can recognize cancer in the body. It is also important to know that each person can respond differently to such treatment. You should have a discussion with your doctor if you are considering immunotherapy treatment.

What is advanced urothelial carcinoma (bladder cancer)?

Advanced urothelial carcinoma is cancer that started in the inner lining of the bladder but has spread to the areas around your bladder, or to other parts of your body. 

What is an antibody?

An antibody is a protein made by the immune system during an immune response that attaches to specific cells and can affect the immune system’s ability to target and kill cells.

What is a bladder?

A bladder is an organ in the body where urine is collected.

What is the immune system?

The immune system is a collection of organs, special cells, and substances that help protect you from infections and other diseases.

What is an infusion?

An infusion is a method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion.

What does median mean?

Median is a statistics term. The middle value, or number, in a set of measurements that have been put in order from lowest to highest.

What is metastatic?

Metastatic is the spread of cancer from where it originated to other places in the body.

What is PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1)?

PD-L1 is a protein found on the surface of many cells, including cancer cells, that can affect the immune system’s ability to target and attack cells.

What is a protein?

A protein is a molecule that is the building block of the cells in the body. Proteins are needed for the body to function properly.

What is the urothelium/urothelial?

Urothelium/urothelial refers to the inner lining of the bladder and other parts of the urinary tract, including the ureters and the urethra.